We propose a 3R Model Against Dark Patterns, which outlines three key user capacities (Panjaitan & Watanabe, 2025):

1. Recognition

The first step is being able to notice when a design is trying to trick you.

• Slow down when clicking through forms or checkout pages.
• Look carefully at small text, checkboxes, and extra fees.
• Stay informed about common dark pattern tactics. Useful resources: deceptive.design, r/darkpatterns, hallofshame.design, dark patterns detective game.

2. Resistance

Even if you recognise a dark pattern, you need to actively resist the pressure to comply. 

• Read the fine print. Review terms and conditions for “free” trials and subscriptions, focusing on automatic renewals and hidden fees.
• Look for alternatives. Instead of clicking “Accept All” cookies, find “Manage Settings” or “Customise” options to opt out of unnecessary tracking.
• Check pre-selected options. Review all checkboxes before making purchases or signing up for services. Companies often use pre-checked boxes to enrol users in newsletters or additional services.
• Inspect your cart. Before checking out, review the shopping cart to ensure no extra items or services have been added without your knowledge.

3. Resilience

Over time, resilience means building habits and strategies so you don’t fall for dark patterns repeatedly. It’s about protecting yourself long-term.

• Regularly review subscriptions and cancel ones you didn’t mean to join.
• Share knowledge, and help friends and family spot and avoid dark patterns.